DEVINE FOOT TOUCH OF LORD JESUS
IÀ¯mhmb tbiphnsâ ]mZkv]Àiw
Chapter 2 - Mountains in the Biblical Holy Land
thZ¯nse hnip²`qanbnse ]ÀÆX§Ä
By Editor Dr. Rajan Mathew

[ As many Geographical Maps are used in this Article, it is advisable to read the Article in PC/Laptop than Mobile Devices. All the Maps in the Article are not to scale, only indicative and no politcal significance]

Xncpshgp¯pIsf¡pdn¨pÅ ka{Kamb Adnhv e`n¡póXn\pw, ss__nfnsâ B[nImcnIX BkzZn¨dnbpóXn\pw A¨Sn¨ hm¡pIÄ¡nSbneqsS \pgªpIbdm³ \mw {]m]vXcmbn¡Ww. ]pcmX\ C{ktbensâ `q{]IrXnIfpw, KÔ§fpw, i_vZ§fpw \ap¡v kp]cnNnXambncn¡Ww. Ime{ItaW amdnamdn cq]s¸«phcpó \mKcnIXIÄ A[nhkn¡pó a\pjysc amÁn ]mÀ¸n¡póp. Ime§fpsS amÁ§Ä¡nSbnð a\pjy\nÀ½nX hmkvXpinð¸§Ä `q{]tZi§fpsS apJ`mhw amÁnadn¡póp. cmjv{Sob A[n\nthi§Ä AXnÀ¯nIsf ]p\xØm]n¡póp. Fómð imizXambn \ne\nð¡póXv ssZhw krjvSn¨ ASnØm\ `qanimkv{X LS\ am{XamWv. AXnð GÁhpw {][m\ambXv ISepIfpw, aeIfpw \ZnIfpamWv. {InkvXob thZimkv{X¯nsâ Ncn{X¯nepw IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphnsâ AhXmc NcnX¯nepw aeIfpsS {]m[m\yw hfsc henbXmWv.

slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXw (Mount Hermon) :
k¦oÀ¯\¡mc³ 89þmw k¦oÀ¯\¯nð ssZh¯nsâ krjvSnbpsS alXzs¯ {]IoÀ¯n¡póp. "Z£ntWm¯c Zn¡pIsf \o krãn¨ncn¡póp; Xt_mcpw slÀt½m\pw \ns³d \ma¯nð B\µn¡póp;' (k¦oÀ¯\§Ä 89:12) temI¯nsâ GÁhpw hnZqc `mK§Ä, hS¡pw sX¡pw, P\hmkanñm¯Xpw A[nIw Adnbs¸Sm¯Xpamb cïv {[qh§Ä¡p IognepÅ cmPy§Ä ssZhs¯ kvXpXn¡póp. I\m\nse GÁhpw DbcapÅ IpópIÄ Xt_mcpw slÀt½m\pw, Hóp ]Snªmdpw Hóp Ing¡pw, ssZh¯nsâ \ma¯nð kt´mjn¡póp.

Mount Hermon

slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXw e_mt\m³ ]ÀÆX \ncIfnse GÁhpw DbÀó sImSpapSnbmWv. kndnb, se_t\m³, C{kmtbð Fóo aqóv B[p\nI cmPy§fpsS AXnÀ¯nbnð 28 ssað (45 In. an.) hym]n¨p InS¡pó, kap{Z \nc¸nð \nóv GItZiw 9000 ASn DbcapÅ, kt¦XnIambn, Hcp ]ÀÆX irwKebmWv. hÀj¯nð `qcn`mKhpw aªpaqSnb slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXw tPmÀ±m³ dn^vÁv XmgvhcbneqsS HgpIpó ip²Pe¯nsâ {]mYanI t{kmXÊmWv. AXv ]nsó Keoen ISente¡pw, tPmÀ±m³ \ZnbneqsSbpw HgpIn HSphnð NmhpISenð \n]Xn¡póp. slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆX¯nð \nóv sX¡v Keoe ISð hscbpÅ Zpcw GItZiw 45 ssaemWv (72 In. ao.) tbcpiteante¡pÅ Zqcw 120 ssað (193 In. ao.) hnip² thZ¯nð slÀt½m³ aÁp t]cpIfnepw ]cmaÀin¡pópïv. "kotZm\yÀ slÀt½móp kntcym³ Fópw Atamcytcm AXn\p sk\oÀ Fópw t]À ]dbpóp.' (BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 3:9)

thZ¯nse bn{ktbensâ hS¡pIng¡³ AXnÀ¯nbnð hnip² ]ÀÆXamb slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXw, tPmjzm Atamcycnð \nóv IogS¡nb hmKvZ¯ tZi¯nsâ At§bÁs¯ hS¡³ AXnÀ¯nbmbn ASbmfs¸Sp¯n, tbmÀ±m³ \Zn¡p Ing¡p`mKw a\sÈbpsS ]mXntKm{X¯n\v AhImiambn sImSp¯p. ( BhÀ¯\w 3:8 C§s\ A¡me¯p AtamcycpsS cïp cmPm¡òmcpsSbpw I¿nð\nóp tbmÀ±mó¡sc AÀtóm³ Xmgvhc XpS§n slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXw hscbpff tZihpw \mw ]nSn¨p. (BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 3:8); tbmiph 11:17; 12:1; 13:5 bn{kmtbða¡Ä tbmÀ±mó¡sc Ing¡p AÀtóm³ XmgvhcapXð slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXwhscbpff cmPyhpw Ings¡ Acm_ apgph\pw ssIhiam¡pIbnð kwlcn¨pIfª Xt±icmPm¡òmÀ ChÀ BIpóp. Kns_eycpsS tZihpw Ing¡p slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆX¯ns³d ASnhmc¯nse _mðþKmZvapXð lam¯nte¡p Xncnbpó Øewhscbpff se_mt\m³ Hs¡bpw; (tbmiph 11:17; 12:1; 13:5) ; 1 Zn\hr¯m´w 5:23 a\sÈbpsS ]mXntKm{X¡mÀ tZi¯p ]mÀ¯p. _mim³ apXð _mðþslÀt½m\pw, sk\ocpw, slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆXhpw hsc s]cpIn ]cóp. (1 Zn\hr¯m´w 5:2þ3)) Hs¯mcpan¨p Pohn¡pó ssZhP\s¯ slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆX¯nse aªn\p kam\ambn«mWv ImhylrZb\mb ZmhoZp cmPmhv ho£n¡póXv. ( k¦oÀ¯\§Ä 133:1þ3 CXm ktlmZcòmÀ Hs¯mcpan¨p hkn¡póXp F{X ip`hpw F{X at\mlchpw BIpóp! AXp hkv{X¯ns³d hnfp¼nte¡p \oïpInS¡pó XmSnbnte¡p, Altcms³d XmSnbnte¡p Xtó, HgpIpó Xmbn Ahs³d Xebnse hntijssXew t]msebpw kotbm³ ]ÀÆX¯nð s]¿pó slÀt½m\y aªpt]msebpw BIpóp; AhnsSbtñm btlmh A\p{Klhpw imizXambn«pff Poh\pw Iev]n¨ncn¡póXp. (k¦oÀ¯\§Ä 133:1þ3)) hSs¡ slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆX NcnhpIfnð [mcmfw aªpïv: Fómð sX¡v kotbm³ ]ÀÆXw hcïXmWv. ZmhoZv slÀt½msâ \thmtòjZmbIamb aªphogvNsb bn{ktbense ssZhP\¯nsâ PohZmbIamb sFIy¯nsâ A\p{Kl§tfmSv D]an¨ncn¡póp.

{InkvXob k`bpsS hmKvZ¯ hnizmka\pkcn¨v {InkvXphpw k`bpw X½nð Hcp ]cnWb DS¼Snbpïv. ]pXnb\nba¯nse {InkvXphntâbpw Ahsâ aWhm«nbmb k`bptSbpw {]Wb D¯pwK§sf {]ISam¡pó ]gb \nba {]hN\mßIcamb kwKoX hcnIfmWv irwKmc Imhyamb D¯aKoX§Ä. (Song of Songs) "Imt´, se_mt\ms\ hn«p FtómSp IqsS hcnI; Aam\mapIfpw si\oÀ slÀt½m³ sImSpapSnIfpw knwl§fpsS KplIfpw ]pÅn¸penIfpsS ]ÀÆX§fpw hn«p t]mcnI.' (D¯aKoXw 4:8) ]ckv]c _lpam\¯nð {InkvXp k`sb Aht\msSm¸w £Wn¡póp. se_t\msâ kpKÔhpw slÀt½m\nse at\mlcamb aªpw kpJ§fpw hns«dnªv Hcp hnizkvX h[phmbn XtómsSm¸w hcm³ Ah³ \ðIpó ZbbpÅ Blzm\amWv CXv.

]pXnb\nba¯nð IÀ¯mhmb tbiphnsâ ]mZkv]Àiw e`n¨ Xsâ bm{Xm]Y¯nse GÁhpw hSs¡ \Kcamb ^nen¸nsâ ssIkcy slÀt½m\nð \nóv 15 ssað am{Xw Zqc¯nemWv. {]hmNòmcneqsS shfns¸Sp¯n bn{kmtbð P\w Im¯ncpó temIP\XbpsS c£nXmhmb ainlmbmWv Xms\ó clkyw Xsâ injyòmÀ¡v BZyambn shfns¸Sp¯nbXv ^nen¸nsâ ssIkcybnð sh¨mbncpóp. ( a¯mbn 16:13þ17 tbip ^nen¸ns³d ssIkcybpsS {]tZi¯p F¯nb tijw Xs³d injyòmtcmSp: P\§Ä a\pjy]p{Xs\ BÀ Fóp ]dbpóp Fóp tNmZn¨p. NneÀ tbmlóm³kv\m]I³ Fópw aäp NneÀ Genbmshópw thsd NneÀ bnscaymthm {]hmNIòmcnð Hcp¯t\m Fópw ]dbpóp Fóp AhÀ ]dªp. \n§tfm Fsó BÀ Fóp ]dbpóp Fóp Ah³ tNmZn¨Xnóp iotam³ ]s{Xmkv: \o Poh\pÅ ssZh¯ns³d ]p{X\mb {InkvXp Fóp D¯cw ]dªp. tbip Aht\mSp: _Àtbm\m iotamt\, \o `mKyhm³; PUcà§Ä Añ, kzÀ¤Ø\mb Fs³d ]nXmht{X \n\¡p CXp shfns¸Sp¯nbXp. (a¯mbn 16:13þ17); aÀs¡mkv 8:27þ30 A\´cw tbip injyòmcpambn ^nent¸mkns³d ssIkcy¡p ASp¯ DucpIfnte¡p t]mbn; hgnbnðsh¨p injyòmtcmSp: P\§Ä Fsó BÀ Fóp ]dbpóp Fóp tNmZn¨p. tbmlóm³kv\m]Is\óp NneÀ, Genbmshóp NneÀ, {]hmNIòmcnð Hcp¯³ Fóp aäp NneÀ Fóp AhÀ D¯cw ]dªp. Ah³ AhtcmSp: Fómð \n§Ä Fsó BÀ Fóp ]dbpóp Fóp tNmZn¨Xnóp: \o {InkvXp BIpóp Fóp ]s{Xmkv D¯cw ]dªp. ]nsó Xsó¡pdn¨p BtcmSpw ]dbcpsXóp Ah³ AhtcmSp JÞnXambn ]dªp. (aÀs¡mkv 8:27þ30))

Xmt_mÀ ae (Mount Tabor) :
{InkvXp cq]m´cw {]m]n¨ ae Fóv ]c¼cmKXambn hnizkn¨p t]mcpó Xmt_mÀ ae Keoenbnse GÁhpw DbÀó aebmWv, CXns\ adpcp] ae Fópw hnfn¡póp. P{koð Xmgvhcbnse temhÀ Keoenbnse \t{k¯n\p Ing¡mbn«mWv Xmt_mÀ ae ØnXn sN¿póXv. CXn\v henb Dbcw Csñ¦nepw (kap{Z\nc¸nð \nóv 560 aoÁÀ /1840 ASn am{XamWv sImSpapSn Dbcw) AXv XmgvhcbpsS a²y¯nð hfsc hyXncnàamWv. \mt_m¯nsâ IpÁanñm¯ càw hoWXpw ssZhtIm]¯mð Ck_ð cmÚnbpsS càw \mbv¡Ä \¡n¡pSn¨Xpw P{koð XmgvhcbpsS {]tZi§fnemWv.

]nXmhmb ssZh¯nð \nópw {InkvXphn\v _lpam\hpw alXzhpw e`n¨v, "Ch³ Fsâ {]ob ]p{X³, Ch\nð Rm³ {]kmZn¨ncn¡póp' Fó Aicocn kzÀ¤ob hnfw¼cw {ihn¨p km£nbmbn¯oÀó A\p{KloX ]ÀÆXamWv Xmt_mÀ. kam\ kphntij§Ä aqónepw {InkvXphnsâ tXPkvIcWw ]cmaÀin¡pópsï¦nepw HcnS¯pw AXp kw`hn¨ aebpsS t]cp ]dbpónñ. ( a¯mbn 17:1þ-8 Bdp Znhkw Ignªtijw tbip ]s{Xmkns\bpw bmt¡m_ns\bpw Ahs³d ktlmZc\mb tbmlóms\bpw Iq«n X\n¨p Hcp DbÀó aebnte¡p sImïpt]mbn, AhcpsS ap¼msI cq]m´cs¸«p, Ahs³d apJw kqcys\t¸mse tim`n¨p Ahs³d hkv{Xw shfn¨w t]mse shÅbmbn¯oÀóp. tamsibpw Genbmhpw Aht\mSp kw`mjn¡póXmbn AhÀ Iïp. At¸mÄ ]s{Xmkv tbiphnt\mSp: IÀ¯mth, \mw ChnsS Ccn¡póXp \óp; \n\¡p k½Xsa¦nð Rm³ ChnsS aqóp IpSnð Dïm¡mw Hóp \n\¡pw Hóp tamsi¡pw Hóp Genbmhnópw Fóp ]dªp. Ah³ ]dbpt¼mÄXtó {]ImiaptÅmcp taLw AhcpsS tað \ngen«p; taL¯nð \nóp: Ch³ Fs³d {]nb ]p{X³, Ch¦ð Rm³ {]kmZn¡póp; Chóp sNhnsImSp¸n³ Fóp Hcp i_vZhpw Dïmbn. injyòmÀ AXp tI«n«p Gähpw `bs¸«p Ihn®phoWp. tbip ASp¯psNóp Ahsc sXm«p: Fgptóev]n³, `bs¸tSïm Fóp ]dªp. AhÀ Xe s]m¡nbmsd tbiphns\ am{XañmsX Bscbpw Iïnñ. (a¯mbn 17:1þ-8): aÀs¡mkv 9:2þ-8 Bdp Znhkw Ignªtijw tbip ]s{Xmkns\bpw bmt¡m_ns\bpw tbmlóms\bpw Iq«n Hcp DbÀó aebnte¡p X\n¨p sImïpt]mbn AhcpsS ap¼msI cq]m´cs¸«p. `qanbnð Hcp Ae¡pImcópw shfp¸n¸m³ IgnbmXh®w Ahs³d hkv{Xw AXy´w shfp¸mbn Xnf§n. At¸mÄ Genbmhpw tamsibpw AhÀ¡p {]Xy£ambn tbiphnt\mSp kw`mjn¨psImïncpóp. ]s{Xmkv tbiphnt\mSp: dºn \mw ChnsS Ccn¡póXp \ñXp; R§Ä aqóp IpSnð Dïm¡s«; Hóp \n\¡pw Hóp tamsi¡pw Hóp Genbmhnópw Fóp ]dªp. Xm³ F´p ]dtbïp Fóp Ah³ Adnªnñ; AhÀ `b]chicmbncpóp. ]nsó Hcp taLw hóp AhcpsStað \ngen«p: Ch³ Fs³d {]nb]p{X³; Chóp sNhnsImSp¸n³ Fóp taL¯nð \nóp Hcp i_vZhpw Dïmbn. s]s«óp AhÀ Npäpw t\m¡nbmsd X§tfmSpIqsS tbiphns\ am{Xw AñmsX Bscbpw Iïnñ. (aÀs¡mkv 9:2þ-8); eps¡mkv 9:28-þ36 Cu hm¡pIÄ ]dªn«p GItZiw F«p \mÄ Ignªt¸mÄ Ah³ ]s{Xmkns\bpw tbmlóms\bpw bmt¡m_ns\bpw Iq«nsImïp {]mÀ°n¸m³ aebnð Ibdnt¸mbn. Ah³ {]mÀ°n¡pt¼mÄ apJ¯ns³d `mhw amdn, DSp¸p anópó shffbmbpw XoÀóp. cïp ]pcpjòmÀ Aht\mSp kw`mjn¨p; tamsibpw Genbmhpw Xtó. AhÀ tXPÊnð {]Xy£cmbn Ah³ sbcpiteanð {]m]n¸m\pff \ncymWs¯¡pdn¨p kwkmcn¨p. ]s{Xmkpw IqsSbpffhcpw Dd¡¯mð `mcs¸«ncpóp; DWÀótijw Ahs³d tXPÊns\bpw Aht\mSpIqsS \nð¡pó cïp ]pcpjòmscbpw Iïp. AhÀ Ahs\ hn«p]ncnbpt¼mÄ ]s{Xmkv tbiphnt\mSp: Kptcm, \mw ChnsS Ccn¡póXp \ñXp; R§Ä aqóp IpSnð Dïm¡s«, Hóp \n\¡pw Hóp tamsi¡pw Hóp Genbmhnópw Fóp Xm³ ]dbpóXp CóXp Fóp AdnbmsX ]dªp. CXp ]dbpt¼mÄ Hcp taLw hóp AhcpsStað \ngen«p. AhÀ taL¯nð Bbt¸mÄ t]Sn¨p. taL¯nð\nóp: Ch³ Fs³d {]nb]p{X³, Chóp sNhnsImSp¸n³ Fóp Hcp i_vZw Dïmbn. i_vZw Dïmb t\c¯p tbiphns\ X\nsb Iïp; AhÀ IïXp Hópw B \mfpIfnð BtcmSpw Adnbn¡msX sau\ambncpóp. (eps¡mkv 9:28-þ36)) Fómð k`bpw ]mc¼cyhpw ]Tn¸n¡póXv AXp kw`hn¨Xv Xmt_mÀ aebnð sh¨msWómWv. kphntij§Ä Iuie]qÀÆw cq]s¸Sp¯nb sI«qIYbñ, R§Ä AXnsâ ZrIvkm£nIfmsWóv ]t{Xmkv Xsâ cïmw teJ\¯nð ØncnIccn¡póp. ( 2 ]s{Xmkv 1:16þ18 R§Ä \½psS IÀ¯mhmb tbip{InkvXphns³d iànbpw {]Xy£Xbpw \n§tfmSp Adnbn¨Xp \nÀ½nXIYIsf {]amWn¨n«ñ, Ahs³d alna Iï km£nIfmbn¯oÀón«t{X. "Ch³ Fs³d {]nb]p{X³; Ch¦ð Rm³ {]kmZn¨ncn¡póp' FópÅ i_vZw aXn t{ijvTtXPÊn¦ð \nóp hót¸mÄ ]nXmhmb ssZh¯mð Ahóp am\hpw tXPÊpw e`n¨p. R§Ä Aht\mSpIqsS hnip² ]ÀÆX¯nð Ccn¡pt¼mÄ kzÀ¤¯nð \nópw Cu i_vZw DïmbXp tI«p. (2 ]s{Xmkv 1:16þ18))

sZt_mcm Fó {]hmNInbpsS Ime¯p Iotim³ tXm«nð sh¨v koskcsb tXmð¸n¡m³ Xmgvhcbnte¡p IpXn¡póXn\p ap¼v _mcm¡v Xsâ ssk\ys¯ tiJcn¨ {]kn²amb Øeambn Xmt_mÀ aesb \ymbm[n]òmcpsS ]pkvXI¯nð ]cmaÀin¡póp. ( \ymbm[n]òmÀ 4:4þ8 B Ime¯p e¸otZm¯ns³d `mcybmb sZt_mcm Fó {]hmNIn bn{kmtbenð \ymb]me\w sNbvXp. AhÄ F{^bow ]ÀÆX¯nð cmsa¡pw t_tYenóp at²ybpff sZt_mcbpsS Cu´¸\bpsS Iognð ]mÀ¯ncpóp; bn{kmtbða¡Ä \ymbhnkvXmc¯nóp AhfpsS ASp¡ð sNñpI ]Xnhmbncpóp. AhÄ A_ot\mhmans³d aI\mb _mcm¡ns\ tIsZivþ\^vXmenbnð \nóp hnfn¸n¨p Aht\mSp: \o ]pds¸«p Xmt_mÀ ]ÀÆX¯nð sNóp \^vXmenbpsSbpw sk_qeqs³dbpw a¡fnð ]Xn\mbncw t]sc Iq«ns¡mÄI; Rm³ bm_os³d tk\m]Xn koskcsbbpw Iotim³tXm«nócnsI \ns³d ASp¡ð sImïphóp \ns³d I¿nð Gð¸n¡psaóp bn{kmtbens³d ssZhamb btlmh \ntómSp Ið¸n¡póp Fóp ]dªp. (\ymbm[n]òmÀ 4:4þ8)) tZi¯p kXyhpw Cñ, Zbbpw Cñ, ssZh]cnÚm\hpanñ Fó AhØsbbpw Aóv {]Nmc¯nencpó anYymcm[\tbbpw _n. kn. F«mw \qÁmïnð Pohn¨ncpó tlmtib {]hmNI³ 'Xmt_mdntòð hncn¨ he' FómWv hntijn¸n¡póXv. ( tlmtib 5:1 ]ptcmlnXòmtc, tIĸn³; bn{kmtbð Krlta, sNhns¡mÄhn³; cmPKrlta, sNhn Xcphn³; \n§Ä anskv]¡p Hcp IWnbpw Xmt_mcntòð hncn¨ hebpw Bbn¯oÀóncn¡sImïp \ymbhn[n \n§Ä¡p hcpóp. (tlmtib 5:1))

IÀt½ð ]ÀÆXw (Mount Carmel):
saUnÁtd\nb³ ISenð \nóv sX¡pIng¡mbn hym]n¨p InS¡pó hS¡³ bn{ktbense Hcp XoctZi ]ÀÆX \ncbmWv IÀt½ð ]ÀÆXw. IÀt½ð Fó hm¡nsâ AÀ°w ssZh¯nsâ ap´ncnt¯m«w FómWv. IÀt½ð t{iWn GItZiw 4 apXð 5 ssað hsc hoXnbpÅXmWv. sXm«Sp¯v hS¡pIng¡mbmWv P{koð Xmgvhc \nesImÅpóXv.

Mount Tabor and Mount Carmel

apJy[mcm blqZ, {InkvXy³ k`mhnizmk Nn´Ifnð Genbmhv IÀt½ð ]ÀÆXhpambn ambmsX _Ôs¸«ncn¡póp. ]et¸mgpw At±lw ]ÀÆX¯nse Hcp Kplbnð ]mÀ¯ncpóXmbn hnizkn¡s¸Spóp. cmPm¡òmcpsS ]pkvXIw A\pkcn¨v IÀt½ð ]ÀÆX¯nð Hcp _en]oTw Dïmbncpóp. AXv Blm_nsâ Imeambt¸mtg¡pw \in¨ncpóp. Fómð Genbmhv bmK]oTw ]pXp¡n ]WnXp. ( 1 cmPm¡òmÀ 18:30þ32 At¸mÄ Genbmhp: Fs³d ASp¡ð hcphn³ Fóp kÀÆP\t¯mSpw ]dªp. kÀÆP\hpw Ahs³d ASp¡ð tNÀóp. Ah³ CSnªpInSó btlmhbpsS bmK]oTw \óm¡n; \n\¡p bn{kmtbð Fóp t]cmIpw Fóp btlmhbpsS Acpf¸mSp e`n¨ bmt¡m_ns³d ]p{XòmcpsS tKm{XkwJy¡p H¯h®w ]{´ïp Iñp FSp¯p, IñpsImïp btlmhbpsS \ma¯nð Hcp bmK]oTw ]WnXp; bmK]oT¯ns³d Npäpw cïp skbm hn¯p hnsX¸m³ aXnbmb hnkvXmc¯nð Hcp tXmSp Dïm¡n. (1 cmPm¡òmÀ 18:30þ32) )

XpSÀ¨bmbn hó bn{kmtbð cmPm¡òmcpsS hn{Klmcm[\ {]hWXbpw ]n´pWbpw kXyssZh¯nsâ ZrjvSnbnð Xnòbmbn `hn¨ Hcp ImeL«¯nembncpóp Genbm {]hmNIsâ BhnÀ`mhw. Blm_v cmPmhv s^mbv\ojy³ cmPIpamcnbmb Cuk_ens\ hnhmlw Ign¨ncpóp. AhÄ btlmhbnð\nópw Xsâ ssZhamb _mente¡p XncnbpIbpw btlmhbpsS {]hmNIòmsc sImópIfIbpw sNbvXp. Fómð Genbmhv Blm_nt\bpw _mensâ {]hmNIòmscbpw shñp hnfn¨p. ]co£W¯n\mbn _mensâ \m\qÁ¼Xv ]ptcmlnXòmsc IÀt½ð ]ÀÆX¯nð Hcpan¨pIq«m³ Genbmhv Blm_nt\mSv Bhiys¸«p. A§s\ Blm_v B {]hmNIòmsc Fñmw IÀt½ð]ÀÆX¯nð Iq«nhcp¯n. BZyw _mensâ {]hmNIòmÀ Imfsb Hcp¡n: _mte, D¯cacptfWta Fóp cmhnse XpS§n D¨hsc _mens³d \mas¯ hnfn¨t]£n¨p. Hcp i_vZtam D¯ctam Dïmbnñ. ]nsó Genbmhv Imfsb JÞw JÞam¡n hndIn³aosX sh¨p; btlmth, F\n¡p D¯cacptfWta Fóp ]dªp. DSs\ btlmhbpsS Xo Cd§n tlmabmKhpw hndIpw a®pw Zln¸n¨p tXm«nse shffhpw hän¨pIfªp. ( 1 cmPm¡òmÀ 18:19þ20 Fómð Ct¸mÄ Bfb¨p Fñm bn{kmtbens\bpw _mens³d \móqä¼Xp {]hmNIòmscbpw Cutks_ens³d taibn¦ð `£n¨phcpó \móqdp Aticm{]hmNIòmscbpw IÀt½ð ]ÀÆX¯nð Fs³d ASp¡ð Iq«nhcp¯pI. A§s\ Blm_v Fñm bn{kmtbða¡fpsSbpw ASp¡ð Bfb¨p IÀt½ð]ÀÆX¯nð B {]hmNIòmsc Iq«nhcp¯n. (1 cmPm¡òmÀ 18:19þ20))

bmK¯n\ptijw Genbmhv IÀt½ð ]ÀÆX¯ns³d apIfnð Ibdn \ne¯p Ip\nªp {]mÀ°n¨p. ISenóp t\sc taLw t\m¡póXn\v Ggp {]mhiyw Xs³d _mey¡msc Ab¨p. Ggmw {]mhiyw ISenð \nóp Hcp a\pjys³d ssIt]mse Hcp sNdnb taLw s]m§nhóp. A§s\ aqóp hÀj§Ä¡ptijw £W¯nð BImiw taLhpw ImäpwsImïp Idp¯p hòg s]bvXp. ( 1 cmPm¡òmÀ 18:42 Blm_v `£n¨p ]m\w sNt¿ïXnóp aeIbdnt¸mbn. Genbmthm IÀt½ð ]ÀÆX¯ns³d apIfnð Ibdn \ne¯p Ip\nªp apJw Xs³d apg¦mepIfpsS \Sphnð sh¨p Xs³d _mey¡mct\mSp: \o sNóp ISenóp t\sc t\m¡pI Fóp ]dªp. (1 cmPm¡òmÀ 18:42))

sNcnª aesôcphnse kar²amb kkyPme hfÀ¨bpw Ip¯s\bpÅ \nch[n KplIfpw ImcWw IÀt½ð IpÁhmfnIfpsS hnlmc tI{µambn amdn. Btamknsâ ]pkvXIw CXv kqNn¸n¡pópïv. Fenim sbcntlmhnse shÅw ]Yyam¡nb tijw t_tYente¡p bm{X sN¿pt¼mÄ, "sam«¯ebm, Ibdn hm; sam«¯ebm, Ibdn hm' Fóp ]dªp ]«W¯nð\nóp hó _meòmÀ Fenimsb ]cnlkn¨p. Fenim _meòmsc i]n¨tijw bm{XbmbXv IÀt½ð]ÀÆX¯nte¡mbncpóp. ( 2 cmPm¡òmÀ 2:19þ25 ]nsó Ah³ AhnsS\nóp t_tYente¡p t]mbn; Ah³ hgnbnð \S¡pt¼mÄ _meòmÀ ]«W¯nð\nóp ]pds¸«p hóp Ahs\ ]cnlkn¨p Aht\mSp: sam«¯ebm, Ibdn hm; sam«¯ebm, Ibdn hm Fóp ]dªp. Ah³ ]ntóm¡w Xncnªp Ahsc t\m¡n btlmh \ma¯nð Ahsc i]n¨p; At¸mÄ Im«nð\nóp cïp s]¬IcSn Cd§nhóp Ahcnð \mev]¯ncïp _meòmsc Iodn¡fªp. Ah³ AhnSwhn«p IÀt½ð]ÀÆX¯nte¡p t]mbn; AhnsS\nóp iacybnte¡p aS§nt¸móp. (2 cmPm¡òmÀ 2:25-25))

sKcnkow ]ÀÆXhpw G_mð ]ÀÆXhpw ( Mount Gerazim And Mount Ebal ):
hnip² {KÙ¯nð {]Xn]mZn¡pó titJw {]tZis¯ cïp ]ÀÆX§fmWv sKcnkoapw G_mepw. F|_mb ss__nÄ {]Imcw, sFIycmPhmgvNbpsS þ bn{kmtbð, sblqZ Fóo cïp cmPy§fmbpÅ -þ ]nfÀ¸ns\ XpSÀóv hSs¡ bn{kmtbð cmPy¯nsâ BZy XeØm\w Bbncpóp titJw. kap{Z \nc¸nð\nóp GItZiw 950 aoÁÀ DbcapÅ titJanse GÁhpw henb sImSpapSnbmWv G_mð. {][m\ambpw Np®m¼pIñpsImïv aqSnbXmWv G_mð ]ÀÆXw. kap{Z \nc¸nð\nóp GItZiw 880 aoÁÀ DbcapÅ sKcnkow ]ÀÆXw G_mð ]ÀÆXt¯¡mÄ 70 aoÁÀ XmgvóXmWv.

Mount Gerizin and Mount Ebal

bn{kmtbeyÀ hmKvZ¯ `qanbnte¡pÅ {]thi\¯n\p aptómSnbmbn G_mð ]ÀÆX¯nð Np®m¼p ]qinb Iñp kvamcI§Ä Øm]n¡m\pw AXnð AhcpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXs¯¡pdn¨pÅ ssZh¯nsâ Fñm \nba§fpw FgpXn sh¡m\pw tami \nÀt±iw \ðIn. A\´cw Ccn¼p sXmSm¯ sN¯m¯ IñpIÄsImïv Hcp _en]oTw ]Wnbm\pw tami BÚm]n¨p. ( BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 27:2-þ6 \n§Ä tbmÀ±m³ ISóp \ns³d ssZhamb btlmh \n\¡p Xcpó tZi¯p F¯pó Znhkw \o henb IñpIÄ \m«n Ash¡p Ip½mbw tXt¡Ww: \ns³d ]nXm¡òmcpsS ssZhamb btlmh \n\¡p hmKvZ¯w sNbvXXpt]mse \ns³d ssZhamb btlmh \n\¡pXcpó tZiambn ]mepw tX\pw HgpIpó tZi¯p sNñphm³ ISótijw \o Cu \ymb{]amW¯ns³d hN\§Ä Fñmw Ahbnð FgptXWw. BIbmð \n§Ä tbmÀ±m³ ISón«p Rm³ Cóp \n§tfmSp BÚm]n¡pó Cu IñpIÄ G_mð ]ÀÆX¯nð \m«pIbpw Ash¡p Ip½mbw tX¡pIbpw thWw. AhnsS \ns³d ssZhamb btlmsh¡p IñpsImïp Hcp bmK]oTw ]WntbWw; AXntòð Ccn¼p sXmSphn¡cpXp. sN¯m¯ IñpsImïp \ns³d ssZhamb btlmhbpsS bmK]nTw ]WntbWw; AXntòð \ns³d ssZhamb btlmsh¡p tlmabmK§Ä AÀ¸nt¡Ww. (BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 27:2-þ6)) AXn\ptijw A\p{l¯nsâbpw im]¯nsâbpw hgnIsf¡pdn¨v tami Ahsc {]t_m[n¸n¨p. Cu kvamcI§fpw _en]oThpw ]qÀ¯oIcn¨p Ignªmð P\w cïmbn ]ncnªv sKcnkow aetaðsh¨p A\p{Klhpw G_mð aetaðsh¨p im]hpw {]kvXmhnt¡Ww Fóv Ah³ BÚm]n¨p. ( BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 11:2-6þ30 CXm, Rm³ Cóp A\p{Klhpw im]hpw \n§fpsS ap¼nð sh¡póp. Cóp Rm³ \n§tfmSp BÚm]n¡pó \n§fpsS ssZhamb btlmhbpsS Ið¸\IÄ \n§Ä A\pkcn¡póp F¦nð A\p{Klhpw \n§fpsS ssZhamb btlmhbpsS Ið¸\IÄ A\pkcn¡msX Cóp Rm³ \n§tfmSp Ið¸n¡pó hgnsb hn«pamdn \n§Ä Adnªn«nñm¯ A\yssZh§fpsS ]nómse sNñpóp F¦nð im]hpw hcpw. \o ssIhiam¡phm³ sNñpó tZi¯p \ns³d ssZhamb btlmh \nsó IS¯nbtijw sKcnkow aetaðsh¨p A\p{Klhpw G_mð aetaðsh¨p im]hpw {]kvXmhnt¡Ww. Ah KnevKmensóXncmbn tamsc tXm¸nócnsI Acm_bnð ]mÀ¡pó I\m\ycpsS tZi¯p tbmÀ±mó¡sc ]Snªmdtñm DffXp. (BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 11:2-6þ30)) sKcnkow aetaepw G_mð aetaepw \nðt¡ïpó tKm{X§tfbpw tami \nPs¸Sp¯n. P\s¯ A\p{Kln¸m³ sKcnkow ]ÀÆX¯nð \nevt¡ïpóhÀ: insatbm³, tehn, sblqZm, bnÊmJmÀ, tbmtk^v, s_\ymao³. i]n¸m³ G_mð ]ÀÆX¯nð \nevt¡ïpóhtcm: cqt_³, KmZv, BtiÀ, sk_qeq³, Zm³, \^vXmen. ( BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 27:11þ13 Aóp tamsi P\t¯mSp Ið¸n¨Xp Fs´ómð: \n§Ä tbmÀ±m³ ISótijw P\s¯ A\p{Kln¸m³ sKcnkow ]ÀÆX¯nð \nevt¡ïpóhÀ: insatbm³, tehn, sblqZm, bnÊmJmÀ, tbmtk^v, s_\ymao³. i]n¸m³ G_mð ]ÀÆX¯nð \nevt¡ïpóhtcm: cqt_³, KmZv, BtiÀ, sk_qeq³, Zm³, \^vXmen. (BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 27:11þ13))

sblqZ P\Xbv¡v tbdpitew Fó t]mse Xsó iacnbm¡mÀ¡v hnip² `qanbmWv sKcnknw. kacnb³ ]mc¼cy¯nð sKcnknw ]ÀÆXw AhcpsS aX¯nsâ tI{µamWv. _n. kn. Aômw \qÁmïnð sKcnknw ]ÀÆX¯nð kaÀ¸n¡s¸« kacnb³ tZhmebw tbcpiteanse blqZòmcpsS cïmw tZhmeb¯n\v kam´cambn \nesImïncpóp. kacnbm¡mÀ Bcm[n¡póXpw s]cp\mfpIfnð ]¦psImÅpóXpw sKcnknw tZhmeb¯nð Bbncpóp. {]Xy£ambsñ¦nepw ]tcm£ambn IÀ¯mhmb tbip sKcnknw ]ÀÆXs¯ ]cmaÀin¡pópïv. tbip hgn \Sóp £oWn¨n«p kpJmÀ Fó iacy]«W¯nð bmt¡m_ns³d InWdn\cnsI shffw tImcphm³ hó iacy{kvXobpambpÅ kw`mjW¯nembncpóp Cu ]cmaÀiw. "tbip AhtfmSp ]dªXp: kv{Xosb, Fs³d hm¡p hnizkn¡; \n§Ä ]nXmhns\ \akv¡cn¡póXp Cu aebnepw Añ sbcpiteanepw Añ Fópff \mgnI hcpóp. \n§Ä Adnbm¯Xns\ \akv¡cn¡póp; R§tfm AdnbpóXns\ \akv¡cn¡póp; c£ sblqZòmcpsS CSbnð \nótñm hcpóXp. kXy\akv¡mcnIÄ ]nXmhns\ Bßmhnepw kXy¯nepw \akv¡cn¡pó \mgnI hcpóp; Ct¸mÄ hópancn¡póp. Xtó \akv¡cn¡póhÀ C§s\bpffhÀ Bbncnt¡Ww Fóp ]nXmhp CÑn¡póp. ssZhw Bßmhp BIpóp; Ahs\ \akv¡cn¡póhÀ Bßmhnepw kXy¯nepw \akv¡cnt¡Ww.' (tbmlóm³ 4:21þ24) CXnð "Cu aebnepw Añ' Fóv IÀ¯mhv kpNn¸n¡póXv sKcnknw aesb¡pdn¨mWv.

Knðt_mh, KnsebmZv, t\t_m ]ÀÆX§Ä ( Gilboa, Gilead, Nebo Mountains ):

Mount Gilboa, Gilead, Nebo

• Knðt_mh ]ÀÆXw (Gilboa Mountain):
  bn{ktbense BZy cmPmhmb iuð Knðt_mh ]ÀÆX¯nð s^enkvXyÀ¡p t\sc bp²w {]Jym]n¨p. ( 1 iapthð 28:4 Fómð s^enkvXyÀ Hón¨pIqSn iqt\anð ]mfbw Cd§n; siuepw Fñm bn{kmtbens\bpw Hón¨pIq«n Knðt_mhbnð ]mfbw Cd§n. (1 iapthð 28:4)) iuð cmPmhv kz´w Ip´¯nð hoWv acn¡pIbpw iuensâ ]p{Xòmcmb tbm\mYm³, A_o\mZm_v, sað¡oiqh FónhÀ bp²¯nð sImñs¸SpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS bp²w Ahkm\n¨p. ( 1 iapthð 31:1þ4 Fómð s^enkvXyÀ bn{kmtbent\mSp bp²wsNbvXp; bn{kmtbeyÀ s^enkvXycpsS ap¼nð \nóp HmSn Knðt_mh ]ÀÆX¯nð \nlXòmcmbn hoWp. s^enkvXyÀ siuens\bpw Ahs³d ]p{Xòmscbpw ]n´pSÀópsNóp; s^enkvXyÀ siuens³d ]p{Xòmcmb tbm\mYm³ A_o\mZm_v sað¡oiqh Fónhsc sImóp. Fómð ]S siuens³d t\sc Gähpw, apdpIn; hnñmfnIÄ Ah\nð Zrãnsh¨p. hnñmfnIfmð Ah³ Gähpw hnja¯nembn. siuð Xs³d Bbp[hmlIt\mSp: Cu A{KNÀ½nIÄ hóp Fsó Ip¯n¡fIbpw A]am\n¡bpw sN¿mXncnt¡ïXnóp \ns³d hmÄ Ducn Fsó Ip¯pI Fóp ]dªp. Bbp[hmlI³ Gähpw `bs¸«XpsImïp Ahóp a\Êp hónñ; AXpsImïp siuð Hcp hmÄ ]nSn¨p AXntòð hoWp. (1 iapthð 31:1þ4)) bp²m\´cw iuensâ IpSpw_¯nse Zpc´s¯¡pdn¨v tI«dnª ZmhoZp cmPmhv Knðt_mh ]ÀÆXs¯ i]n¨p. ( 2 iapthð 1:21 Knðt_mh ]ÀÆX§tf, \n§fpsStað atªm agtbm s]¿msXbpw hgn]mSp\ne§Ä CñmsXbpw t]mIs«. AhnsSbtñm hocòmcpsS ]cnN FdnªpIfªXp; siuens³d ssXem`ntjIanñm¯ ]cnNXtó. (2 iapthð 1:21))

• KnsebmZv ]ÀÆXw (Gilead Mountain):
  tKm{X]nXmhmb bmt¡m_v Xsâ A½mbnb¸\mb Acmay\mb em_m³ Xsó NXn¡póp Fóv a\Ênem¡nbt¸mÄ ssZh\ntbmKw A\pkcn¨v Xsâ A¸\mb bnkvlm¡ns³dbpw NmÀ¨¡mcpsSbpw ASp¡ð Xs³d ]nXm¡òmcpsS tZit¯¡p t]mIphm³ ]pds¸«p; ( Dð¸¯n 31:2 At¸mÄ btlmh bmt¡m_nt\mSp: \ns³d ]nXm¡òmcpsS tZit¯¡pw \ns³d NmÀ¨¡mcpsS ASp¡te¡pw aS§nt¸mI; Rm³ \ntómSpIqsS Ccn¡pw Fóp Acpfns¨bvXp; (Dð¸¯n 31:2)) bmt¡m_v Xs³d `mcyamscbpw ]p{Xòmscbpw Iq«n bq{^«okv \Zn ISóv KnsebmZv ]ÀÆX¯nð ]mfbaSn¨p. ( Dð¸¯n 31:17þ21 A§s\ bmt¡m_v Fgptóäp Xs³d `mcyamscbpw ]p{Xòmscbpw H«I¸pd¯p Ibän; Xs³d IópImenIsf Hs¡bpw Xm³ k¼mZn¨ k¼¯p Hs¡bpw Xm³ ]±³þAcmanð k¼mZn¨ arKk¼¯p Hs¡bpw tNÀ¯psImïp I\m³tZi¯p Xs³d A¸\mb bnkvlm¡ns³d ASp¡ð t]mIphm³ ]pds¸«p; em_m³ Xs³d BSpIsf tcmaw I{Xn¸m³ t]mbncpóp; dmtlð Xs³d A¸\pff Krlhn{Kl§sf tamãn¨p; Xm³ HmSnt¸mIpóXp bmt¡m_v Acmay\mb em_mt\mSp Adnbn¡mbvIbmð Ahs\ tXmð¸n¨mbncpóp t]mbXp; C§s\ Ah³ X\n¡pff kIehpambn HmSnt¸mbn; Ah³ ]pds¸«p \Zn ISóp; KnsebmZv ]ÀÆX¯nóp t\sc Xncnªp; (Dð¸¯n 31:17þ21)) hnhcw Adnª em_m³ bmt¡m_ns\ ]n´pSÀóv KnsebmZv ]ÀÆX¯nð F¯n. hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä¡p tijw AhÀ cayXbnembn. DS¼Sn sNbvXtijw IñpsImïv Hcp bmK]oTw ]WnXv Hón¨p `£Ww Ign¨p. em_m³ AXn\p sbKÀþkmlZqYm (km£y¯ns³d Iq¼mcw) Fóp t]cn«p; bmt¡m_v AXn\p KteZv (km£y¯ns³d Iq¼mcw) Fóp t]cn«p; ( Dð¸¯n 31:23, 25, 44þ48 DSs\ Ah³ Xs³d ktlmZcòmsc Iq«ns¡mïp Ggp Znhks¯ hgn Ahs\ ]n´pSÀóp KnsebmZv ]ÀÆX¯nð Aht\mSp H¸w F¯n; em_m³ bmt¡m_nt\mSp H¸w F¯n; bmt¡m_v ]ÀÆX¯nð IqSmcw ASn¨ncpóp; em_m\pw Xs³d ktlmZcòmcpambn KnsebmZv ]ÀÆX¯nð IqSmcw ASn¨p; A§s\ Ah³ tim[\ Ign¨p; Krlhn{Kl§sf Iïnñ Xm\pw; BIbmð hcnI, Rm\pw \obpw X½nð Hcp DS¼Sn sNbvI; AXp F\n¡pw \n\¡pw at²y km£nbmbncn¡s« Fóp D¯cw ]dªp; At¸mÄ bmt¡m_v Hcp Iñp FSp¯p XqWmbn \nÀ¯n; Iñp Iq«phn³ Fóp bmt¡m_v Xs³d ktlmZcòmtcmSp ]dªp; AhÀ Iñp FSp¯p Hcp Iq¼mcapïm¡n; Iq¼mc¯ntòð sh¨p AhÀ `£Ww Ign¨p; em_m³ AXn\p sbKÀþkmlZqYm (km£y¯ns³d Iq¼mcw) Fóp t]cn«p; bmt¡m_v AXn\p KteZv (km£y¯ns³d Iq¼mcw) Fóp t]cn«p; Cu Iq¼mcw Cóp F\n¡pw \n\¡pw km£n Fóp em_m³ ]dªp; AXpsImïp AXn\p KteZv Fópw ankv¸m (ImhðamSw) Fópw t]cmbn: (Dð¸¯n 31:23, 25, 44þ48))

• t\t_m ]ÀÆXw (Nebo Mountain):
  acW¯n\pap¼v tamibv¡v hmKvZ¯ tZiw ImWm³ A\phZn¨ ØeamWv s\t_m ]ÀÆXw. ]ÀÆX¯nsâ ]nkvK sImSpapSnbnð \nóv sbcntlm ]«Whpw tbcpiteapw hyàambn ImWmw. s\t_m ]ÀÆXw tbmÀ±m\n\p Ing¡v NmhpISent\mSv sXm«pInS¡pó tamhm_v tZi¯mWv. tami AhnsS acn¨p. sbcntlmhnð \nópw 7 ssaepw sbcpiteanð \nóv 12 ssaepw ZqcamWv Cu ]ÀÆX¯n\v DÅXv. ( BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 34:1þ6 A\´cw tamsi tamhm_v ka`qanbnð\nóp sbcotlmhnsóXnscbpff s\t_m]ÀÆX¯nð ]nkvKmapIfnð Ibdn; btlmh Zm³hsc KnsebmZvtZiw Hs¡bpw \^vXmen tZisams¡bpw F{^boans³dbpw a\sÈbpsS tZihpw ]Snªmsd ISðhsc sblqZmtZiw Hs¡bpw sXs¡tZihpw Cu´\Kcamb sbcotlmhns³d XmgvhoXn apXð tkmhmÀ hscbpff ka`qanbpw Ahs\ ImWn¨p. A{_mlmant\mSpw bnkvlm¡nt\mSpw bmt¡m_nt\mSpw: Rm³ \ns³d k´Xn¡p sImSp¡psaóp kXyw sNbvX tZiw CXp Xtó; Rm³ AXp \ns³d I®nóp ImWn¨pXóp; Fómð \o AhntS¡p ISópt]mIbnñ Fóp btlmh Aht\mSp Iev]n¨p. A§s\ btlmhbpsS Zmk\mb tamsi btlmhbpsS hN\{]Imcw AhnsS tamhm_v tZi¯psh¨p acn¨p. Ah³ Ahs\ tamhm_v tZi¯p t_¯vþs]tbmcnsóXnscbpff Xmgvhcbnð AS¡n; F¦nepw Cóphscbpw Ahs³d ih¡pgnbpsS Øew Bcpw Adnbpónñ. (BhÀ¯\]pkvXIw 34:1þ6))

tbcpiteans\ NpÁnbpÅ ]ÀÆX§Ä (Mountains surrounding Jerusalem):
tbcpitew ]ÀÆX§fmð NpÁs¸« \KcamWv. IÀ¯mhmb tbip IbdnbXpw, hn{ian¨Xpw, kôcn¨Xpw, {]t_m[\§Ä \S¯nbXpw, GIm´Xbnð {]mÀ°n¨Xpamb [mcmfw ]ÀÆX§Ä ChnsSbpïv.

1. tamcnbm ae (Mount Moriah):
   tamcnbm aebpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw`n¡póXv Dð¸¯n ]pkvXI¯nð \nómWv. "At¸mÄ Ah³: \ns³d aIs\, \o kvt\ln¡pó \ns³d GIPmX\mb bnkvlm¡ns\ Xtó, Iq«ns¡mïp tamcnbmtZi¯p sNóp, AhnsS Rm³ \ntómSp Ið¸n¡pó Hcp aebnð Ahs\ tlmabmKw Ign¡ Fóp Acpfns¨bvXp;' (Dð¸¯n 22:2) A{_lmw ssZh¯nð hnizkn¡pIbpw aI³ bnkvlm¡ns\ _en Ign¡m³ tamcnbm aebnte¡p t]mIpIbpw sNbvXp. Fómð ssZhw CSs]«v A{_lmans\ XSªp, ]n¼pd¯p sIm¼p Im«nð Ipcp§n InSó B«psImäs\ A{_mlmw Xs³d aI\p ]Icw tlmabmKw Ign¨p; ( Dð¸¯n 22:9þ14 ssZhw Ið¸n¨ncpó Øe¯p AhÀ F¯n; A{_mlmw Hcp bmK]oTw ]WnXp, hndIp ASp¡n, Xs³d aI³ bnkvlm¡ns\ sI«n bmK]oT¯ntòð hndInòosX InS¯n; ]nsó A{_mlmw ssI \o«n Xs³d aIs\ Adpt¡ïXnóp I¯n FSp¯p; DSs\ btlmhbpsS ZqX³ BImi¯p\nóp: A{_mlmta, A{_mlmta, Fóp hnfn¨p; Rm³ CXm, Fóp Ah³ ]dªp; _mes³d tað ssIsh¡cpXp; Aht\mSp Hópw sN¿cpXp; \ns³d GIPmX\mb aIs\ Xcphm³ \o aSn¡mbvIsImïp \o ssZhs¯ `bs¸Spóp Fóp Rm³ Ct¸mÄ Adnbpóp Fóp Ah³ Acpfns¨bvXp; A{_mlmw Xes]m¡n t\m¡nbt¸mÄ ]n¼pd¯p Hcp B«psImä³ sIm¼p Im«nð ]nSns]«p InS¡póXp Iïp; A{_mlmw sNóp B«psImäs\ ]nSn¨p Xs³d aI\p ]Icw tlmabmKw Ign¨p; A{_mlmw B Øe¯nóp btlmhþbntc Fóp t]cn«p; btlmhbpsS ]ÀÆX¯nð Ah³ {]Xy£\mIpw Fóp Cóphscbpw ]dªphcpóp; (Dð¸¯n 22:9þ14))

   GItZiw Bbncw hÀj§Ä¡ptijw ssZh¯nsâ ZqX³ {]Xy£s¸« CtX Øe¯v ZmhoZv cmPmhv Øew h§n, in£bmbn ssZhw Ab¨ almamcn £an¨p In«póXn\mbn btlmhbv¡v Hcp bmK]oTw ]WnXp. ( 2 iapthð 24:18þ21 AópXsó KmZv ZmhoZns³d ASp¡ð hóp Aht\mSp: \o sNóp sb_qky\mb Achv\bpsS If¯nð btlmsh¡p Hcp bmK]nTw Dïm¡pI Fóp ]dªp. btlmhbpsS Ið¸\{]Imcw KmZv ]dªXpt]mse ZmhoZv AhntS¡p t]mbn. Achv\m t\m¡n; cmPmhpw Ahs³d `rXyòmcpw Xs³d ASp¡ð hcpóXp Iïmsd Achv\m ]pds¸«psNóp cmPmhns³d ap¼nð kmãmwKw hoWp \akv¡cn¨p. bPam\\mb cmPmhp ASnbs³d ASp¡ð hcpóXp F´p Fóp Achv\m tNmZn¨Xnóp ZmhoZv: _m[ P\s¯ hn«pamdphm³ X¡h®w btlmsh¡p Hcp bmK]oTw ]WntbïXnóp Cu Ifw \ntómSp hnse¡phm§phm³ Xtó Fóp ]dªp. (2 iapthð 24:18þ21)) tZhmebw ]Wnbm³ B{Kln¨ ZmhoZns\ ssZhw ]n´ncn¸ns¨¦nepw At±l¯nsâ aI³ itemtam³ cmPmhv tamcnb aebnð CtX Øm\¯v al¯camb Hcp tZhmebw ]Wn Ign¸n¨p. ( 2 Zn\hr¯m´w 3:1 A\´cw itemtam³ sbcpiteanð Xs³d A¸\mb ZmhoZnóp btlmh {]Xy£\mb tamcnbm ]ÀÆX¯nð sb_qky\mb HÀóms³d If¯n¦ð ZmhoZv h«wIq«nbncpó Øe¯p btlmhbpsS Bebw ]Wnhm³ XpS§n. (2 Zn\hr¯m´w 3:1)) _n. kn. 587/586þð s\_qJZvt\kÀ cmPmhnsâ ssk\y¯mð \in¸n¡s¸SpóXphsc itemtamsâ Bebw \m\qdne[nIw hÀjw \ne\nóp. Fgp]Xp hÀj§Ä¡ptijw, _m_ntem¬ ASnaXz¯nð\nóv aS§nsb¯nb blqZòmÀ AtX Øe¯v Bebw ]p\À\nÀ½n¨p. _n. kn. Hómw \qÁmïnð, sltcmZ cmPmhv LS\bnð amÁw hcp¯n Iq«nt¨À¡epIÄ \S¯n; ]oóoSv CXv sltcmZmhnsâ t£{Xw Fódnbs¸«p. Cu tZhmebamWv IÀ¯mhmb tbip ip²oIcn¨Xv. ( tbmlóm³ 2:15þ16 IbdpsImïp Hcp N½«n Dïm¡n BSpamSpItfmSpw IqsS Fñmhscbpw ssZhmeb¯nð \nóp ]pd¯m¡n. s]m³ hmWn`¡mcpsS \mWyw Xq¡n¡fªp taiIsf adn¨n«p; {]mhpIsf hnð¡póhtcmSp: CXp ChnsS\nóp sImïpt]mIphn³; Fs³d ]nXmhns³d Bebs¯ hmWn`ime B¡cpXp Fóp ]dªp. (tbmlóm³ 2:15þ16)) hoïpw F. Un. 70þð tdma³ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncpó Titus sâ B{IaW¯nð, IÀ¯mhv ]dª hm¡pt]mse "Iñntòð Iñp tijn¡msX' \ioIcn¡s¸«p. ( a¯mbn 24:1þ2 tbip ssZhmebw hn«pt]mIpt¼mÄ injyòmÀ Ahóp ssZhmeb¯ns³d ]Wn ImWnt¡ïXnóp Ahs³d ASp¡ð hóp. Ah³ AhtcmSp: CsXñmw ImWpónñtbm? CSnªpt]mImsX Iñntòð Iñp ChnsS tijn¡bnñ Fóp Rm³ kXyambn«p \n§tfmSp ]dbpóp Fóp ]dªp. (a¯mbn 24:1þ2))

2. sKmevtKmYm ae (Mount Golgotha):
   \mep kphntij§fnepw Htct]mse tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡póXpt]mse IÀ¯mhmb tbiphns\ Ipcnin¨Xv XetbmSnSw FóÀ°apÅ sKmevtKmYm aebnembncpóp. Cu Øew tbcpitew \Kc¯n\v hfsc ASp¯mbncpóp.

   • XetbmSnSw FóÀ°apff sKmevtKmYm Fó Øe¯p F¯nbt¸mÄ Ahóp Ibv¸p Ie§nb hoªp IpSn¸m³ sImSp¯p; AXp cpNnt\m¡nbmsd Ahóp IpSn¸m³ a\Êmbnñ. Ahs\ {Iqinð Xsd¨ tijw AhÀ No«n«p Ahs³d hkv{Xw ]Ips¯Sp¯p, (a¯mbn 27:33þ35)

   • XetbmSnSw FóÀ°apff sKmevtKmYm Fó Øet¯¡p Ahs\ sImïpt]mbn; Iïnsh® IeÀ¯nb hoªp Ahóp sImSp¯p; Aht\m hm§nbnñ. Ahs\ {Iqin¨tijw Ahs³d hkv{Xw Cóhóp CóXp Int«Ww Fóp ]IpXnsNbvXp. (aÀs¡mkv 15:22þ24)

   • XetbmSnSw Fó Øe¯p F¯nbt¸mÄ AhÀ AhnsS Ahs\bpw Zpjv{]hr¯n¡mscbpw, Hcp¯s\ he¯pw Hcp¯s\ CS¯pambn, {Iqin¨p. (eps¡mkv 23:33)

   • AhÀ tbiphns\ It¿ddp; Ah³ Xm³Xtó {Iqins\ NpaópsImïp F{_mb`mjbnð sKmevtKmYm Fóp t]cpÅ XetbmSnSw Fó Øet¯¡p t]mbn. (tbmlóm³ 19:17)

3. Henhv ae (Mount Olivet):
   Ing¡³ tbcpteant\mSp tNÀópÅ ae\ncbmWv Henhv ae. kphntij§fnð ImWpóXpt]mse IÀ¯mhmb tbiphnsâ CltemI PohnX¯nse ]e {][m\ kw`h§Ä¡v km£yw hln¨ aebmWv Henhv ae. IÀ¯mhv kzÀ¤¯nte¡v BtcmlWw sNbvXXv Henhv aebnð \nómsWóv At¸mkvXe{]hÀ¯nIÄ km£n¡póp. ( As¸m: {]hr¯nIÄ 1:9þ11 CXp ]dªtijw AhÀ Im¬sI Ah³ BtcmlWw sNbvXp; Hcp taLw Ahs\ aqSo«p Ah³ AhcpsS ImgvN¡p adªp. Ah³ t]mIptócw AhÀ BImi¯nte¡p Däpt\m¡pt¼mÄ shÅhkv{Xw [cn¨ cïp ]pcpjòmÀ AhcpsS ASp¡ð \nóp: Keoem]pcpjòmtc, \n§Ä BImi¯nte¡p t\m¡n \nð¡póXp F´p? \n§sf hn«p kzÀ¤mtcmlWw sNbvX Cu tbiphns\ kzÀ¤¯nte¡p t]mIpóh\mbn \n§Ä IïXp t]mseXtó Ah³ hoïpw hcpw Fóp ]dªp. AhÀ sbcpiteanóp kao]¯p Hcp iº¯v Znhks¯ hgn ZqcapÅ Henhpae hn«p sbcpiteante¡p aS§nt¸móp. (As¸m: {]hr¯nIÄ 1:9þ11)) ]e Znhk§fnepw IÀ¯mhv cm{Xn ]mÀ¯Xv Henhvaebnð Bbncpóp. Ah³ "Znhtk\ ]Ið ssZhmeb¯nð D]tZin¨p t]móp; cm{Xn Henhvaebnð t]mbn ]mÀ¡pw.' (eps¡mkv 21:37) "tbipthm Heohvaebnte¡p t]mbn.' (tbmlóm³ 8:1) s]klbv¡v cïp Znhkw ap¼v, hnip² a¯mbnbpsS kphntijw 24, 25 A²ymb§fnð hnhcn¡pó bpKm´ys¯¡pdn¨pw ssZhcmPys¯¡pdn¨pw DÅ injyòmtcmSpÅ IÀ¯mhnsâ henb {]`mjWw [Olivet Discourse] \S¯nbXv Henhv aebnð sh¨mbncpóp.

   Hmim\ Znhkw IgpX¡p«n¸pd¯v tbcpiteante¡pÅ hnPb Pm{X Bcw`n¨Xpw Henhv aebcnsI t_¯v^mKbnð \nómbncpóp. ( a¯mbn 21:1þ2 A\´cw AhÀ sbcpiteant\mSp kao]n¨p Henhv aebcnsI t_¯v^mKbnð F¯nbt¸mÄ, tbip cïp injyòmsc Ab¨p; \n§Ä¡p FXnscbpÅ {Kma¯nð sNñphn³; AhnsS sI«nbncn¡pó Hcp s]¬IgpXsbbpw AXns³d Ip«nsbbpw \n§Ä DSs\ ImWpw; Ahsb Agn¨p sImïp hcphn³. (a¯mbn 21:1þ2)) IÀ¯mhmb tbip s]klm BNcW¯n\pw, IpÀºm\ Øm]\¯n\pw, A´y A¯mg¯n\pw tijw kvtXm{XKoXw Be]n¨n«v t]mbXv Henhp aebnte¡mbncpóp. ( a¯mbn 21:26þ30 AhÀ `£n¡pt¼mÄ tbip A¸w FSp¯p hmgv¯n \pdp¡n injyòmÀ¡p sImSp¯p: hm§n `£n¸n³; CXp Fs³d icocw Fóp ]dªp. ]nsó ]m\]m{Xw FSp¯p kvtXm{Xw sNmñn AhÀ¡p sImSp¯p: Fñmhcpw CXnð \nóp IpSn¸n³. CXp At\IÀ¡pthïn ]m]tamN\¯nómbn sNmcnbpó ]pXnb\nba¯nópff Fs³d càw; Fs³d ]nXmhns³d cmPy¯nð \n§tfmSpIqsS ]pXpXmbn IpSn¡pw \mÄhsc Rm³ ap´ncnhffnbpsS Cu A\p`h¯nð\nóp C\n IpSn¡bnñ Fóp Rm³ \n§tfmSp ]dbpóp Fóp ]dªp. ]nsó AhÀ kvtXm{Xw ]mSnbtijw Henhvase¡p ]pds¸«pt]mbn. (a¯mbn 21:26þ30)) IÀ¯mhmb tbiphns\ ImWn¨psImSp¯ cm{Xnbnð injyòmcpsam¯v {]mÀ°n¡m³ t]mb sK¯vsia\ Fó tXm«w Henhp aebpsS Xmgvhmc¯nembncpóp. ]gb\nba¯nð Henhp aebpsS ]cmaÀiw ZmhnZpcmPmhnsâ aI\mb A_vimtemansâ bp²{]Jym]\t¯mSv A\p_Ôn¨mWv. hyk\Nn¯\mb ZmhoZv cmPmhv t]mbXv Henhp aebnte¡mbncpóp. ( 2 iapthð 15:30 ZmhoZv Xe aqSnbpw sNcn¸nSmsXbpw \Sóp IcªpwsImïp Henhp aebpsS Ibäw Ibdn; IqsSbpff P\sams¡bpw Xe aqSn IcªpwsImïp Ibdns¨óp. (2 iapthð 15:30))

4. kotbm³ ]ÀÆXw (Mount Zion):
   tbcpiteansâ \Kc aXnepIÄ¡v ]pd¯v ØnXn sN¿pó Hcp sNdnb IpómWv kotbm³. Fómð thZ¯nð kotbms\ ZmhnZnsâ \Kcambn«mWv ]et¸mgpw ]cmaÀin¡póXv. ( 1 cmPm¡òmÀ 8:1 ]nsó btlmhbpsS \nbas]«Iw kotbm³ Fó ZmhoZns³d \Kc¯nð\nóp sImïphtcïXnóp itemtam³ bn{kmtbðaq¸òmscbpw bn{kmtbða¡fpsS ]nXr`h\¯nse {]`p¡òmcmb kIe tKm{X{][m\nIsfbpw sbcpiteanð itemtam³ cmPmhns³d ASp¡ð Iq«nhcp¯n. (1 cmPm¡òmÀ 8:1)) ( 2 Zn\hr¯m´w 5:2 itemtam³ btlmhbpsS \nbas]«Iw kotbm³ Fó ZmhoZns³d \Kc¯nð\nóp sImïphcphm³ bn{kmtbðaq¸òmscbpw bn{kmtbða¡fpsS ]nXr`h\¯ehòmcmb tKm{X{]`p¡òmsc Hs¡bpw sbcpiteanð Iq«nhcp¯n. (2 Zn\hr¯m´w 5:2)) slÀt½m³ ]ÀÆX¯nsâbpw hnip²\mSp apgphtâbpw A]c\maambn«pw kotbms\ D]tbmKn¨n«pïv. ( k¦oÀ¯\§Ä 48:2 almcmPmhns³d \Kcambn D¯cKncnbmb kotbm³ ]ÀÆXw DbcwsImïp at\mlchpw kÀÆ`qanbpsSbpw B\µhpamIpóp. (k¦oÀ¯\§Ä 48:2) ) Fómð {InkvXob {]Xymi hnizmk PohnX¯nð kotbm³ kzÀ¤ob tbcpitew BWv.

Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Biblical Holy Land

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